The Log Integral Function and its Relation to The PNT
The Log Integral Function
函数:
\[f(t)=1/\ln t\label{eq0}\]的定义域为$(0,1)\cup (1,+\infty)$,部分的函数图像为:
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clc,clear,close all
hold(gca,"on")
grid(gca,"on")
box(gca,"on")
epsilon = 1e-2;
t1 = linspace(0+epsilon,1-epsilon,100);
t2 = linspace(1+epsilon,2,100);
plot(t1,1./log(t1),'LineWidth',1.5,'Color','k')
plot(t2,1./log(t2),'LineWidth',1.5,'Color','k')
ylim([-10,50])
xlabel('$t$','Interpreter','latex')
ylabel('$\ln t$','Interpreter','latex')
或者使用
fplot
函数 [2] 进行绘制:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 clc,clear,close all syms x hold(gca,"on") grid(gca,"on") box(gca,"on") fplot(1./log(x),[0 2],'LineWidth',1.5,'Color','k') ylim([-10,50]) xlabel('$t$','Interpreter','latex') ylabel('$\ln t$','Interpreter','latex')
式$\eqref{eq0}$的变上限积分函数(Integrals with variable upper limit function)为:
\[Li(x)=\int_{0}^x\dfrac1{\ln t}\mathrm{d}t\label{eq1}\]这个函数被称为积分对数函数(the log integral function),通常被记作$Li(x)$或者$li(x)$ [3]。它被定义为上图中$(0,x]$区间上函数曲线与$x$轴所包含的面积(注意,这个面积是有正负号的)。
在MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox中,由专门的logint
函数 [4] 来计算这个变上限积分,例如我们可以绘制出$Li(x)$随$x$变化的曲线:
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clc,clear,close all
syms x
hold(gca,"on")
grid(gca,"on")
box(gca,"on")
fplot(logint(x),[0 10],'LineWidth',1.5,'Color','k')
xlabel('$x$','Interpreter','latex')
ylabel('$li(x)$','Interpreter','latex')
从数学上讲,关于积分对数函数$Li(x)$有两点需要注意:
(1)$Li(x)$没有初等的原函数;
(2)$1/\ln t$在$x=1$处具有一个瑕点,因此$Li(x)$本质上是一个反常积分(improper integral)[5];
The Relation to The PNT
当$x$特别大时,我们可以用累加的方法来近似$Li(x)$:
\[Li(x)\approx \dfrac1{\ln 2}+\dfrac1{\ln 3}+\dfrac1{\ln 4}+\cdots\dfrac1{\ln \lfloor x\rfloor}\label{eq2}\]例如,当$x=10^6$时,式$\eqref{eq2}$左端的$Li(x)$和右端的加和的值分别:
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clc,clear,close all
format long
Li = logint(1e6)
Sum = sum(1./log(2:1e6))
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Li =
7.862754915946219e+04
Sum =
7.862734211232568e+04
绝对误差低于$0.21$,百分比误差为低于$0.0003\%$:
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>> Li-Sum
ans =
0.207047136500478
>> (Li-Sum)/Li*100
ans =
2.633264532773007e-04
进一步,根据对数观念 [6],当$x$特别大时,我们可以将式$\eqref{eq2}$近似地写作:
\[Li(x)\approx\dfrac{x}{\ln x}\notag\]即:
\[Li(x)\sim\dfrac{x}{\ln x}\notag\]而根据素数定理(PNT),随着$N$的增大,有 [5]:
\[\pi(N)\sim\dfrac{N}{\ln N}\notag\]由于PNT定理是成立的,因此:
\[\pi(N)\sim Li(N)\label{eq3}\]一定也成立,并且$\eqref{eq3}$是素数定理PNT的一个改进的版本(Improved Version)。
并且,不仅成立,而且比成立还成立(truer),即$Li(N)$实际上比$N/\ln N$能更好地估计$\pi(N)$,$Li(N)$是一个好得多的估计。
$N$ | $\pi(N)$ | $\dfrac{N}{\ln N}-\pi(N)$ | $Li(N)-\pi(N)$ |
---|---|---|---|
$100,000,000$ | $5,761,455$ | $-332,774$ | $754$ |
$1,000,000,000$ | $50,847,534$ | $-2,592,592$ | $1,701$ |
$10,000,000,000$ | $455,052,511$ | $-20,758,030$ | $3,104$ |
$100,000,000,000$ | $4,118,054,813$ | $-169,923,160$ | $11,588$ |
$1,000,000,000,000$ | $37,607,912,018$ | $-1,416,706,193$ | $38,263$ |
$10,000,000,000,000$ | $346,065,536,839$ | $-11,992,858,452$ | $108,971$ |
$100,000,000,000,000$ | $3,204,941,750,802$ | $-102,838,308,636$ | $314,890$ |
并且,对于表和图中显示的所有$N$值,$N/\ln N$给出了对$\pi(N)$的一个低的估计,而$Li(x)$给出了一个高的估计。
References
[1] Derbyshire J. Prime obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics[M]. Joseph Henry Press, 2003.
[2] fplot - MathWorks.
[3] Logarithmic integral function - Wikipedia.
[4] logint - MathWorks.
[5] Improper integral - Wikipedia.
[6] The Prime Number Theorem (PNT) from Prime Obsession by Derbyshire - What a starry night~.